Scientific Research
ebrahim taghizadeh
Abstract
In today’s modern world, road carriage forms some parts of many multimodal carriages. For one, it is often the only option for the transport of cargo to and from infrastructure hubs such as ports, railway stations or aerodromes. Whether the CMR applies to stages of road carriage that are provided ...
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In today’s modern world, road carriage forms some parts of many multimodal carriages. For one, it is often the only option for the transport of cargo to and from infrastructure hubs such as ports, railway stations or aerodromes. Whether the CMR applies to stages of road carriage that are provided for in an international multimodal contract however, is, and has been cause for ample discussion ever since the advent of multimodal carriage1. Because the CMR only makes partial provision for multimodal transport in Article 2, a provision which only covers the ‘roll-on, roll-off ’ variety of multimodal transport operations2, the lack of clarity on its position concerning other types of multimodalcarriage enables the existence of differing opinions on the scope of application of the CMR. After study and research it is proved that, Under preparatory work of convention and most of writer opinions, Article 1 of CMR not only applies to purely road carriages, it also applies to road segments provided for in interational road segments of multimodal transport contracts. Additionally, for completing the discussion and as a minor argument, temporarily, regulations of CIM, CIV and Irans legal system is investigated.
Scientific Research
family low
Azadeh najafi; ebrahim taghizadeh; ali chahkandinezhad
Abstract
This article examines a special form of contract in which one party has a superior or exclusive power that prepares and imposes the terms and conditions of the contract on the other party. Without having the right to negotiate and discuss, he is forced to accept and It is annexed to it. The present study ...
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This article examines a special form of contract in which one party has a superior or exclusive power that prepares and imposes the terms and conditions of the contract on the other party. Without having the right to negotiate and discuss, he is forced to accept and It is annexed to it. The present study investigates the protection of the weak party in the imposed contracts in the laws of Iran and Egypt using a comparative analytical method. The findings show that the Egyptian legislature has intervened in the imposed contracts that are described as unfair and unjust, in order to protect the weaker party of the contract. Modification of the contract, removal of unfair terms, and interpretation of the contract in favor of the injured party are foreseen in Egyptian law. In Iranian law, this issue has not been explicitly addressed despite the existence of jurisprudential and legal capacities. Despite this, in approving new laws, the legislator has shown his desire to protect the weaker party, which is mainly the consumption of certain goods and services. Also, it is possible to modify the contract according to the jurisprudential rules of harmlessness and negation of harm, although the judicial procedure tends more towards the stabilization of the contract, according to the principle of the sovereignty of contracts, and finally it tends to terminate the contract.
Scientific Research
Mohammad shokri; Alireza Iranshahi; Ibrahim Taghizadeh
Abstract
قانونگذار تعیین داوری در قرارداد پیش‌فروش ساختمان را از شرایط لازم دانسته است، تا به اختلافات احتمالی از این طریق رسیدگی گردد. گرچه این داوری مشمول عمومات داوری اختیاری ...
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قانونگذار تعیین داوری در قرارداد پیش‌فروش ساختمان را از شرایط لازم دانسته است، تا به اختلافات احتمالی از این طریق رسیدگی گردد. گرچه این داوری مشمول عمومات داوری اختیاری است لکن اجباری بودن آن موجب ابهاماتی در موضوع نظارت بر رای داوری صادره شده است؛ نظارت بر رای داوری با اعتراض بدان محقق می‌شود، دادگاه صالح برای این امر، دادگاه محل وقوع ملک است و مهلت اعتراض و جهات اعتراض نیز اصولاً تابع داوری موضوع قانون آیین دادرسی مدنی است لکن به عنوان موضوعات خاص این نوع داوری در صورت عارض شدن فوت یا حجر هر کدام از طرفین قرارداد، بر مبنای اجباری بودن و فلسفه اهمیت داوری در قانونگذاری، دادگاه ابتدا باید وراث یا نماینده قانونی طرف مزبور را ملزم به معرفی داور اختصاصی نماید و داور مشترک نیز با توافق مجدد انتخاب یا ابقاء گردد. عارض شدن فوت یا حجر بر داوران نیز به همین ترتیب است. تغییر داور اختصاصی تعیین شده حین قرارداد، مشروط به تعیین جانشین توسط هر کدام از طرفین قرارداد امکانپذیر است لکن تغییر داور مشترک منوط به توافق طرفین است. چنانچه ساختمان پیش‌فروش شده و یا ثمن آن از اموال دولتی یا عمومی باشد، داوری راجع به آن مشمول نظارت استصوابی هیأت وزیران و حسب مورد نظارت اطلاعی یا استصوابی مجلس است. نظارت بر رأی این داوری در مرحله اجرا نیز بر اساس عمومات داوری اختیاری است.
